Bidens cosmopolitan genus belongs to the family Asteraceae and has great medicinal and ornamental significance, e.g., Bidens ferulifolia grown in gardens for beautiful flowers, approximately 230 to 240 species. Bidens plants are sticktights, tickseed sunflowers, beggarticks, and bur marigolds. Bidens species are widely distributed in tropical, subtropical regions of the world, especially in temperate South America and North America: mostly annual, shrubs, climber, and perennial woody herbs. The average height of Bidens species is 60 cm and may exceed 150 cm when environmental conditions favor the growth. These species can grow in dry, arid, and barren soil at different elevations. Most species of this genus have branched, erect, and hairy stems. Leaves simple or lobed to pinnately compound (Bidens mitis), mostly petiolate, occasionally sessile (Bidens laevis), curved or dissected cauline usually opposite, rarely alternate, sometimes whorled. Bidens genus has capitulum inflorescence, heads terminal, radiate, discoid on peduncle having white or yellow, ligulate flowers, and hermaphrodite. Most of the species involved have more or less herbaceous and foliaceous bracts, these bracts constitute calyculi, and usually, they suppress the phyllaries. The torus is flat to slightly convex, yellow to orange in color. Flowers have a both disc and ray florets. Ray florets are commonly 1–21+ in number, and the most frequent number is 3, 5, 8, or 13, with a diameter of 2–3.5 mm. White, yellow, and pinkish-colored lobed corolla is often present. Disc florets are 5–20 in number, but in different species, the number varies from 20 to 60. It is bisexual, fertile, tubular, and mostly orange-yellow, and rarely white-purplish corolla is present. Stamens are usually five or numerous, exerted, anther has various lengths containing lobes, triangular-ovate connectives, and anther base may vary from long to short truncate. The style-arm apices are truncated to widely conic, with a few sweeping hairs at the tip. Genus Bidens has tricolporate or tetracolporate pollen grains with sizes ranging from 17 to 33 μm. Cypsela is the characteristic fruit of Bidens species, mostly flat, angled (3, 4), oblanceolate or obovate, and sometimes linear fusiform (Bidens cernua, Bidens aristosa, and Bidens polylepis), smooth, and hairy. Pappus with 2 to 4 bristles (barbed) stick with human clothes and animal fur.

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Morphological Characteristics of Bidens Species: Vegetative Morphology

  • Neelum Naheed,
  • Aqsa Jabeen,
  • Hira Aslam

摘要

Bidens cosmopolitan genus belongs to the family Asteraceae and has great medicinal and ornamental significance, e.g., Bidens ferulifolia grown in gardens for beautiful flowers, approximately 230 to 240 species. Bidens plants are sticktights, tickseed sunflowers, beggarticks, and bur marigolds. Bidens species are widely distributed in tropical, subtropical regions of the world, especially in temperate South America and North America: mostly annual, shrubs, climber, and perennial woody herbs. The average height of Bidens species is 60 cm and may exceed 150 cm when environmental conditions favor the growth. These species can grow in dry, arid, and barren soil at different elevations. Most species of this genus have branched, erect, and hairy stems. Leaves simple or lobed to pinnately compound (Bidens mitis), mostly petiolate, occasionally sessile (Bidens laevis), curved or dissected cauline usually opposite, rarely alternate, sometimes whorled. Bidens genus has capitulum inflorescence, heads terminal, radiate, discoid on peduncle having white or yellow, ligulate flowers, and hermaphrodite. Most of the species involved have more or less herbaceous and foliaceous bracts, these bracts constitute calyculi, and usually, they suppress the phyllaries. The torus is flat to slightly convex, yellow to orange in color. Flowers have a both disc and ray florets. Ray florets are commonly 1–21+ in number, and the most frequent number is 3, 5, 8, or 13, with a diameter of 2–3.5 mm. White, yellow, and pinkish-colored lobed corolla is often present. Disc florets are 5–20 in number, but in different species, the number varies from 20 to 60. It is bisexual, fertile, tubular, and mostly orange-yellow, and rarely white-purplish corolla is present. Stamens are usually five or numerous, exerted, anther has various lengths containing lobes, triangular-ovate connectives, and anther base may vary from long to short truncate. The style-arm apices are truncated to widely conic, with a few sweeping hairs at the tip. Genus Bidens has tricolporate or tetracolporate pollen grains with sizes ranging from 17 to 33 μm. Cypsela is the characteristic fruit of Bidens species, mostly flat, angled (3, 4), oblanceolate or obovate, and sometimes linear fusiform (Bidens cernua, Bidens aristosa, and Bidens polylepis), smooth, and hairy. Pappus with 2 to 4 bristles (barbed) stick with human clothes and animal fur.