Exploitation of Microbes as a Means for Biofortification of Zinc in Crop Plants
摘要
Zinc is an important micronutrient that is vital to human and plant health. Zinc deficiency is also referred to as hidden hunger, and the worldwide prevalence of zinc deficiency causes nutritional insecurities in a large population. About 50% of Indian soils lack the required zinc in an available form for plants, affecting crop plants’ growth and productivity. This, in turn, causes zinc deficiency and subsequent health complications among the people consuming such foods. Applying chemical zinc fertilizers in the soil will not ensure the fortification of zinc in staple food crops as they are transformed into insoluble forms, hindering uptake by crop plants. As the deficiency in food crops is mainly attributed to the accessibility of zinc by plants but not their presence, supplementing zinc in more accessible forms to plants can serve as a means to curb the deficiency. This problem can be resolved by using microbe-mediated biofortification approaches and ensuring nutrient-rich quality food for all. Here, zinc-solubilizing properties of rhizosphere microflora, mainly plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria, and endophytes can be harnessed to enhance zinc concentration in edible crop plants. These bacteria use various mechanisms, including producing organic acids and metallophores and reducing soil pH to biotransform insoluble zinc to soluble forms, facilitating the uptake of zinc by plants, and applying zinc-solubilizing bacteria as alternative bioinoculants can serve as an efficient, sustainable agricultural approach for zinc biofortification.