This chapter makes bold to articulate the inevitability and value of secondary agriculture as a complement to primary agriculture in upgrading the agriculture sector as a whole to fulfil its new package of mandates, that include creating gainful jobs and concomitant supplementary incomes for the agricultural workforce. In this context, the chapter discusses about the state of enterprises in India including the state of agro-industries—both food and non-food processing, and the potential they hold in creating gainful jobs. The logical emphasis would be that agro-processing is integral to secondary agriculture. Further, to enable the readers to gain a comprehensive view of the dynamics of environment for industrial growth that evolved in the country since independence, the policies adopted from time to time find adequate space in the content. In doing so, comparative advantages and disadvantages of the different scales of enterprises are also evaluated.