There are six subtitles in Chapter 2 to elaborate on the concept, definition, and category of indigenous peoples. Pamungkas et al. discuss the definition of ethnic groups and ethnicity in anthropology, followed by the distinctions between tribal communities and indigenous peoples in the second section. This part describes some definitions from various studies that are often used to see the indigenous peoples. Until now, anthropologists have referred to indigenous communities as tribes and indigenous peoples as ethnic groups. In the third section, the differences between indigenous customary peoples and indigenous peoples will be discussed. The fourth section describes the concept of local religion and belief-based indigenous peoples. Pamungkas et al. also show the categories of indigenous people that are conceptualized in the population census that registers indigenous peoples in Indonesia. In the last section, we classify indigenous peoples in this study based on numerous aspects of their daily life, including livelihoods, territories, and regions where they are living.