The common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), a globally cultivated crop valued for its taste and nutritional benefits, is rich in protein, dietary fiber, vitamins, minerals, and other essential nutrients. However, escalating global climate change has made drought a significant challenge for common bean cultivation, emphasizing the need for improved drought resistance through breeding. While traditional genetic breeding has been crucial in developing common bean varieties, the long breeding cycles and the complexity of stabilizing genetic traits have slowed progress. To address these challenges, researchers are integrating molecular biotechnology into breeding programs to accelerate the development of drought-resistant varieties. Molecular marker-assisted breeding has revolutionized this process by increasing the efficiency and precision of breeding programs, enabling the rapid identification and selection of varieties with superior drought resistance. This document reviews recent advancements in marker-assisted breeding for drought resistance in common beans, covering the current state of molecular breeding, genetic diversity, mechanisms of drought resistance, and milestones in genomic research. It highlights the critical role of marker-assisted breeding in enhancing drought resistance and explores future directions and potential of this approach.