Kodo millet (Paspalum scrobiculatum L.), known for its resilience to harsh climatic conditions, is a valuable crop for ensuring food and nutritional security. Kodo millet is one of the most important nutri-cereals cultivated in tropical and subtropical regions worldwide. In India, it is predominantly cultivated in Madhya Pradesh and Chhattisgarh, and among small millets, kodo millet occupied largest area in India. It is nutritively potential crop compared to rice, wheat, and barley. The crop possesses valuable characteristics like high herbage, branched ears, numerous seeds per raceme, high fertility, and unique storage ability, making it one of the hardiest among small millets. Its production potential is particularly noteworthy in marginal, low-fertility soils and areas with chronic moisture deficits, contributing to its survival in modernized agricultural systems. Kodo millet production can be further improved by using potential germplasm in the breeding programs. Efforts to conserve and characterize germplasm collections preserved in various genebanks globally are ongoing to know the genetic diversity and identify suitable donors. These genetic resources are crucial for improving traits such as drought resistance, pest tolerance, and nutritional quality. Breeding programs aim to develop improved varieties with better yields, adaptability, and nutrient content by utilizing both conventional breeding methods and advanced technologies.