Little millet (Panicum sumatrense Roth. ex Roem. & Schult.; Family: Poaceae; tetraploid; self-pollinated; common names: Indian millet or sama or Kutki) is a C4 grass and have small-seeded grains. It is nutritionally rich, can be grown under marginal soil conditions, and is known for resistance to pests and tolerance to drought and salt stress. These qualities make it a crop to work on and can play a vital role in achieving sustainable development goals and in combating malnutrition and hunger under changing climatic conditions. The studies have been carried out to phenotype and genotype little millet, but the comprehensive characterization and evaluation including high-throughput genotyping and phenotyping and large-scale biochemical profiling of little millet accessions is lacking. Such studies need to be carried out in view of best utilization and management of little millet genetic resources for future food and nutritional security and agrarian sustainability. This chapter provides information on little millet importance; taxonomy, origin, and history of cultivation; national and global germplasm holdings; germplasm collection, mapping, and gap analysis; agro-morphological and molecular characterization for identification of trait-specific germplasm, core set, and diverse accessions; genomic resources (SSR/SNP markers, chloroplast genome sequence, draft whole genome sequence, transcriptomic resources, etc.); pre-breeding approaches, production, cultivation, and consumption constraints. And future prospective of little millet research like application of GWAS (genome-wide association studies), transcriptome wide association studies (TWAS), pan-genomes, nested association mapping (NAM), Genomic Selection (GS), and genome editing is also discussed.