Sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] is a major food and fodder crop in the semi-arid tropic and rainfed farming system. To counter the hunger and nutritional insecurity in the underdeveloped and developing nations, this crop has special importance in resilient agriculture. Sorghum crop is accomplished with tremendous plant genetic resources which include its traditional landraces, wild relatives and species, and different cultivars along with trait-specific registered genetic stocks. In the changing climate scenario and resource-limited farming systems, this genetic material of sorghum achieved a greater importance for the economic and conservative agriculture. In this context, this chapter provides the insights on origin, diversity, taxonomy, and biology of sorghum species. This also covers the existing genetic resources of sorghum with its conservation, evaluation, and characterization status. Potential utilization of the genetic resources in different ways for various determined aspects is also highlighted. Additionally, current trends in genomics research like molecular marker development, marker-assisted breeding, and next-generation sequencing have been deliberated as the future perspective in the sorghum improvement.