Pearl millet is a climate-resilient and widely grown crop among the millets. Owing to C4 photosynthetic system and cross-pollinating nature, pearl millet hybrids hold promise for changing climatic conditions. Genetic resources play an important role in creation and maintenance of new variability to make the crop profitable and address yield constraints. This chapter gives an insight into the origin, current status of germplasm, and characterization and utilization of genetic resources in crop breeding programs. The availability of genetic resources in the form of core collection, mini-core collection, wild species, and landraces and their use are discussed. The advances made with the utilization of genomic tools for identification of genes/markers, application of markers for genomic selection (GS), and potential of gene editing technologies are also included. Further, the genetic resources utilized in pre-breeding for improvement of yield and addressing biotic and abiotic constraints are discussed in detail.