With the rapid development of railway network, the optimal location technology in the field of railway construction has become particularly critical. This paper reviews the key location issues in railway construction, discusses the limitations of traditional location methods, and introduces the application of modern optimization techniques in railway location. This paper first analyzes the problems faced by railway construction project location, and then introduces in detail the theory of a variety of optimal location technology and its application in railway construction. Finally, the challenges and future development directions of the current optimal location technology are summarized, in order to provide theoretical support and practical guidance for optimal location selection in the field of railway construction.