Researchers have concentrated on improving cementitious composites to boost their overall performance, with a significant focus on nanomaterials. These include SiO2, TiO2, Fe2O3, CuO, ZrO2, ZnO, Al2O3, CaCO3, and Cr2O3. Characterized by their ultra-fine particle sizes, high reactivity, and large surface areas, these nanomaterials serve as effective additives in cement-based mixtures. This paper provides a comprehensive review of various studies investigating the impact of these nanomaterials on cementitious properties. The review assesses how different types of nanomaterials influence the workability of fresh concrete mixtures, alongside their ability to enhance mechanical properties such as compressive, flexural, and tensile strengths. It also examines the effects on the modulus of elasticity and abrasion resistance. Additionally, the discussion extends to durability aspects, including water absorption, chloride penetration resistance, frost resistance, shrinkage, and carbonation levels. By analyzing these various influences, the paper emphasizes the potential advantages of incorporating nanomaterials into cementitious composites. The findings suggest that such enhancements can lead to improved performance, durability, and longevity of concrete structures. Ultimately, this research highlights the importance of nanotechnology in advancing the construction materials industry, paving the way for more resilient and sustainable building practices.