The severe health issues and environmental harm brought on by air pollution have made it a crucial global issue. Nanotechnology-based solutions have emerged as a promising approach to resolving this problem. Nanomaterials are ideal for various applications to improve air quality because they have unique attributes such as high surface area, high reactivity, and customizable size and shape. This chapter examines the use of nanomaterials and nanotechnology, recent developments in their development, their applications in air filtration, photocatalysis, and sensor technology, and any potential environmental effects. It also examines the synthesis and characterization of nanomaterials. Studies reveal that nanoparticles have displayed exceptional performance in air purification, including high removal efficiency, quick reaction kinetics, and reliable operation. This chapter overviews the various nanomaterials that can enhance air quality, including nanoparticles, nanofibers, and nanocomposites. The mechanisms of air filtration and purification employing these nanoparticles and the difficulties in putting them into practice are covered. Additionally, nanotechnology has demonstrated considerable promise for creating affordable, portable, and real-time air quality monitoring systems. The potential environmental and human health hazards from nanomaterials must still be addressed. This chapter highlights the necessity for further research in this area and evaluates the pros and cons of air quality enhancement technologies that use nanomaterials.