Nanoparticles (NPs) in wastewater treatment (WWT) are an effective strategy for addressing current environmental challenges. This book chapter investigates the use of NPs in WWT, focusing on their advantages, such as improved pollution removal, faster treatment times, and cost efficiency. Various kinds of nanomaterials (NMs), such as NPs, nanocomposites, and nanocatalysts, are investigated with a deep dive into their unique characteristics for wastewater remediation. The chapter also evaluates the risks and challenges associated with the use of NMs in environmental applications, highlighting the importance of comprehensive risk assessment systems. The importance of the appropriate and sustainable use of nanotechnology, with a specific focus on its ecological and human health impacts, is highlighted. The chapter examines the regulatory structure that governs the utilization of NMs in WWT, with a particular focus on adaptive governance frameworks. The approach promotes a comprehensive strategy that integrates the advantages of NMs with a deep understanding of the related risks, conscientious usage, and legal frameworks. The objective is to provide guidance to scholars, specialists, and decision-makers on the appropriate progression of nanotechnology for the enduring and efficient treatment of wastewater.