The escalating global population and intensified exploitation of natural resources have given rise to numerous environmental issues, with water pollution being a prominent concern. Industrialization, in particular, significantly contributes to the degradation of natural water resources, generating a substantial proportion of wastewater. The increasing volume of wastewater on earth necessitates urgent technological interventions to address this formidable challenge. Over the past three decades, nanotechnology has emerged as a versatile tool for tackling various issues related to health, energy, and the environment. While nanotechnology holds promise for wastewater treatment, there remains ample room for in-depth exploration and the translation of laboratory findings to larger-scale applications. This chapter focuses primarily on the utilization of nanomaterials (NMs) in wastewater treatment, spanning from zero-dimensional to three-dimensional structures. These NMs encompass carbon quantum dots, single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs), multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs), organic composites, as well as metal and metal oxide-based frameworks. Additionally, graphene, graphene oxide, and graphene-based nanoparticles (NPs) have been extensively employed in treatment processes. The functional properties and surface characteristics of NMs play a pivotal role in sensing and treating wastewater. Various metal oxide-based materials, including ferric oxide and pyrrolidone-conjugated oxides, have been utilized as absorbents for metal ions in filtration processes. This chapter offers a comprehensive analysis of recent advancements in the application of various NMs and technologies for wastewater treatment.