Water supplies are becoming more and more polluted every day for a variety of reasons, such as the unregulated release of contaminants from point and indirect streams. Consequently, we must immediately begin to cultivate cost-effective and competent water purification methods. This chapter seeks to assess various methods for water treatment, their fundamental ideologies, costs, and adaptability for the eradication of wastewater contaminants. Among these know-hows, the adsorption process stands out as a cost-effective and environmentally friendly option due to its universality and inexpensiveness. Such a chapter delves into various adsorbents such as activated carbon, chitosan, zeolite, clays, activated alumina, limestone, silica gel, etc., detailing their capabilities for mitigation of contaminants. It also discusses the lacunas of using traditional sorbents in wastewater treatment processes. At present, nanotechnology, as this century’s foremost exciting and underexplored scientific branch, offers a promising alternative to traditional adsorbents due to their unique properties. It holds the potential to address contemporary challenges, particularly in wastewater treatment. This chapter underscores the significance of adsorption and nanoparticles (NPs) in advancing wastewater treatment, utilizing unconventional water resources. Additionally, it goes over the idea of sorption and the variety of nanosorbents that are employed to treat sewage and the contaminants that may be removed by these materials, with a focus on regenerative options.