This chapter studies the advancement and utilization of carbon-based smart sensors for detecting environmental pollutants, emphasizing its capacity to transform environmental monitoring and repair endeavours. Carbon-based materials are analysed for their distinctive characteristics, such as their substantial surface area, electrical conductivity, and chemical stability, which render them well-suited for sensing applications. The chapter explores several detection approaches that use these materials, demonstrating their capacity to identify a wide range of environmental contaminants, including heavy metals, organic pollutants and biological contaminants. The chapter discusses the economic and environmentally friendly potential of carbon-based sensors, emphasizing their importance in promoting sustainable environmental restoration. This chapter seeks to serve as a significant resource for academics, engineers, and policymakers interested in furthering the subject of environmental pollution detection by offering a complete overview.