Race in the Garden: Eugenics and Utopian Planning
摘要
This chapter sidesteps the hyper-focus on Howard’s Garden City ideas as the archetype of utopian planning to examine a geometric utopia conceptualized a decade prior in colonial India. The radial plan of Whitefield near Bangalore's outskirts sought to bring ‘town’ and ‘country’ together in an agricultural commune for the Eurasian and Anglo-Indians in 1882. Whitefield’s planner and the Association he was part of, published a guidebook with a scheme to acquire land and plans for the commune, complete with architectural drawings. These plans were not simply the outcome of planning ideas from the metropole arriving in the colony but the outcome of print culture and utopian thought that travelled between Britain, South Asia, the United States, and potentially elsewhere. Planning was part of the displacement strategies that sought to resolve colonialism’s contradictions—in this case, to settle Eurasian and Anglo-Indians- a mixed-race group placed in a "liminal zone" between the colonizer and the colonized. The use of eugenic ideas of acquired characteristics to manipulate urban realities and produce racial hierarchies was implicated in local systems of racialization as non-dominant groups used planning towards racial uplift. Between the spread of media-transmitted plans like Whitefield across transnational contexts and the mechanisms by which such plans could be realized, we see how histories of planning are underpinned by eugenics and integral to maintaining colonial racial property regimes.