Organic toxins, dyes, oils, pesticides, insecticides and heavy ionic metals emerging from diverse industries and human activities are perturbing both human well-being and ecosystems. To overcome these contaminants, nanocellulose-based materials have gained significant prominence as versatile biosorbents for treating water pollutants, primarily owing to their amenability to facile modification, high specific surface area and eco-friendly characteristics. With its abundant hydroxyl groups and porous structure, nanocellulose stands out as an excellent adsorbent for a wide range of contaminants. Surface functionalization with specific groups or the incorporation of other materials can tailor its adsorption properties to target contaminants. The diverse structures of multifunctional nanocellulose have consistently demonstrated their excellence in water treatment, emerging as a favourable alternative to contribute to a cleaner environment. This work presents a comprehensive synthesis of nanocellulose and underscores the evolution of nanocellulosic adsorbents, progressing from suspensions to hydrogels and aerogels.