Biodiversity is closely linked with ecological and environmental security. Degradation and depletion of biological resources is on increasing trend chiefly due to anthropogenic interference in the natural areas. Gandhamardan hills are declared as third Biodiversity Heritage Site of Odisha state after Mandasaru (Kandhamal) and Mahendragiri (Gajapati) and 37th of India on the backdrop of treasure trove of rich floral and faunal diversity, medicinally useful plants and an Ayurvedic hub having diverse biological, ecological and socio-economic implication for the folks of Odisha. Two historical monuments, i.e. Nrusinghanath and Harishankar Temple at the foot hill on the Northern and Southern slope of the hills, respectively, have colossal and traditional significance and serve as sacred groves for biodiversity conservation. These two shrines are the foremost pilgrimage locations of the state. Hiuen Tsang has described the hill shrines as Parimalagiri in his chronicles. Also, the hill is depicted in Ramayana as Hanuman lifted the hills to get medicinal plant Visalyakarani to cure Laxman from injury. On the other hand, people’s first movement and encounter against the Indian bauxite industry got success in the late 1980s to safeguard the Gandhamardan’s fragile and sensitive ecosystem while Bharat Aluminium Company explored supplementary bauxite ore on hills. Currently the rich natural resources of this unique landscape are in severe stress due to many human activities and climatic aspects. The folklore information linked with the bioresources of the hills are on decline although an Ayurvedic college is there near Nrusinghanath temple. The extended protection, proactive conservation measures and strategic management of the dynamic landscapes, minerals, hydrological, biological and other natural resources of the hills is of highest priority and importance for the Odisha state. This addresses United Nations Sustainable Development Goals No. 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 9, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16 and 17.