Wireless Body Area Network (WBAN) is essential for applications ranging from secure identification to health monitoring. WBANs are made up of sensors and devices that are worn on or incorporated into the body. As WBANs develop in tandem with the expansion of the Internet of Things (IoT), it is critical toward provide strong security by means of efficient authentication and encryption. This study assesses a variety of public-key cryptography, identity-based anonymous, blockchain-based, biometrics-based, ECC with biometrics, and symmetric key-based authentication and encryption algorithms used in WBANs. An analysis is conducted on important parameters such energy efficiency, computational overhead, authentication time, encryption methods, and authentication strength. The study finds that there is a trade-off between computational cost and energy economy even though most protocols offer high authentication strength and scalability. Blockchain-based and identity-based anonymous protocols have little computational overhead. The study is quite insistent on the need for creating workable protocols that are as simple for the user as they need to be efficient and especially so in considerations with the limited WBAN resource situation. Thus, it is required in the subject of WBAN to concentrate on enhancing practical solutions for overhead minimization, better energy utilization, and faster authentication in subsequent studies.