Shield machines generate severe vibrations when operating in hard rock formations, but these vibrations are often ignored by engineers due to the short construction time. However, special buildings such as hospitals and old buildings adjacent to metro lines are very sensitive to this part of the vibration. In order to investigate the transmission mechanism of the shield construction vibration in the ground, this paper analyzed the vibration response of the ground surface as well as the adjacent pile based on the field monitoring data. The results show that for the tunnel with excavation depths of less than 17 m, the ground surface vibration response in front of the cutter is more significant than that behind the cutter. The energy generated by the shield vibration is mainly concentrated in the low-frequency part below 5 Hz. The adjacent pile is more sensitive to the low-frequency component of the shield vibration, with the peak acceleration capable of reaching more than 8 mm/s2 when the pile-tunnel distance is less than 3.84 m.