High-speed railway bridges undergo expansion and contraction under various temperature changes in different climatic conditions. This leads to relative displacements between the tracks, resulting in the generation of longitudinal forces on the steel rails. Consequently, it significantly affects the safety, structural stability, and lifespan of both the bridges and the railway structures. Therefore, studying the temperature field of bridge structures under thermal effects holds significant scientific research value and engineering significance. This article aims to analyze the impact of temperature changes on bridge structures. By integrating existing literature, it systematically reviews the current research status of temperature fields in bridge structures. It summarizes the basic principles and research methods of temperature field studies, while also analyzing the limitations of these methods and the current research issues. Finally, based on the latest research progress, this article discusses the future development direction of temperature fields in railway bridge structures. This includes the integration of multi-physics field coupling models and smart monitoring technologies to further improve the methods and applications of bridge structure temperature field analysis.