Chemical fertilizers have dramatically improved agricultural productivity, but the excessive use of nitrogen has escaped into the environment, causing severe nitrogen pollution. As nitrogen pollution from fertilizers becomes a growing global issue, there is an increasing demand to move away from agriculture that relies heavily on traditional nitrogen fertilizers. In this context, attention is being focused on sustainable agriculture, which refers to farming practices that consider long-term sustainability. This book examines the challenges of achieving sustainable agriculture and sustainable nitrogen use from an economic perspective. This chapter provides an overview of the damage caused by nitrogen pollution and outlines the structure of the book.