Following the devastating loss in the First Sino-Japanese War, the Qing Empire, accustomed to considering itself the ruler of all nations and heavenly supreme, faced an unexpected defeat at the hands of Japan, a seemingly insignificant island country.

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Nakamura Masanao’s Self Help and On Liberty and Liang Qichao’s Thought of “Renewing the People”

  • Kuangmin Zheng

摘要

Following the devastating loss in the First Sino-Japanese War, the Qing Empire, accustomed to considering itself the ruler of all nations and heavenly supreme, faced an unexpected defeat at the hands of Japan, a seemingly insignificant island country.