In recent years, the Chinese government has introduced a series of policies to support the development of new energy vehicles, and the sales of new energy vehicles have gradually increased. In the next few years, with the upgrading of power batteries, the end-of-life volume of new energy vehicles will also increase year by year, but China has not yet established a complete closed-loop supply chain to meet the challenge. This paper first introduces the current situation of the new energy vehicle supply chain in the Chinese market, then presents the challenges of the forward and reverse supply chains in turn, and finally puts forward some development suggestions to build a more complete closed-loop supply chain system to cope with the increase in production and sales of new energy vehicles and the increase in recycling of power batteries in the future.