The world is currently grappling with the severe challenges of climate change, prompting nations to strive for carbon reduction and achieve net-zero emissions, advancing green development. Against this backdrop, the environmental, social, and governance (ESG) performance of businesses has garnered increasing attention. ESG not only brings economic benefits to companies, reducing risks during crises, but also enhances the sustainability of their supply chains. However, the multitude of global ESG rating agencies with varying scoring criteria and outcomes poses challenges. Chinese companies, in particular, need standardization in ESG disclosure practices. Simultaneously, the complexity and opacity of supply chains present challenges in accurately assessing their sustainability. Issues like greenwashing, carbon shifting, and carbon tariffs complicate the evaluation of supply chain sustainability. Finally, the strategic competition between China and the United States impacts the global carbon neutrality process, but it also implies opportunities for consensus and collaboration on a global scale.