Ricinus communis, commonly known as castor bean, is a non-edible oilseed plant with significant economic value worldwide. Despite the robust demand for castor beans and their oil, global production is expanding at a sluggish pace due to the limited availability of cultivars adapted to diverse planting systems. This scarcity of improved cultivars stems largely from the perception of castor bean as a rustic crop, implying tolerance to drought, saline soils, and adaptability to climate change. Consequently, castor bean cultivation is characterized by a low technological input. However, castor bean exhibits exceptional responsiveness to selection methods aimed at enhancing traits affected by biotic and abiotic factors. Therefore, numerous studies have been conducted to develop improved cultivars with desirable agronomic characteristics, including enhanced productivity, disease resistance, tolerance to saline soils, and water use efficiency. In this context, this chapter provides a concise and overview of the essential aspects for a successful castor bean improvement program. The chapter highlights floral biology, hybridization techniques for generating segregating populations, and breeding methods specifically tailored for autogamous plants, which predominate in castor bean cultivation. Additionally, insightful modifications are suggested to optimize these breeding strategies for the specific castor bean varieties under investigation.