A field survey conducted in 2019–20 revealed that many villagers at Hingola Kalan Village, Pali district, Rajasthan, India, were suffering from fluorosis. The drinking water was found to have fluoride beyond WHO limits. Survey forms with questionnaires related to education, health, and water filters used in the area were distributed to 13 households. An intervention of salty clay ceramic water filters (with raw material modification) was performed to solve the fluoride contamination of drinking water. These filters were manufactured with an addition of 5% by volume of Potash Alum. Participants were encouraged to use these modified filters, and water samples (both filtered and non-filtered) were collected in the 3-month long field experiment. The samples were tested in labs using three testing kits, namely the LTEK Fluoride Testing Kit, the Aqua-XL Water Analysis Kit, and the ProaKtive (W-10 reagent) Strip for Water. Statistical analysis showed that there is a significant fluctuation in fluoride concentrations after using these filters. Out of the 3 kits, the LTEK Fluoride Testing Kit and Aqua-XL Water Analysis Kits were found to be more appropriate to use since they provided numerical values proportional to fluoride content in water. The efficiency of the LTEK Fluoride Testing Kit and Aqua-XL Water Analysis Kit were 24.3% and 63.3%, respectively. The implication leads to the need for risk assessment of kits commercially available to rural populations of India to test the presence of fluoride in drinking water.

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Comparative Analysis of Effectiveness of Water Testing Kits While Using Clay Ceramic Water Filters for Fluoride Removal at Households of Hingola Kalan Village, Pali District, Rajasthan, India

  • Sunil Duhan,
  • Badal Kumar,
  • Anuj,
  • Nirmal Gehlot,
  • Hanwant Rathore,
  • Meraj Ahmad,
  • Himanchal,
  • Pankaj Jakhar,
  • Ambesh Dixit,
  • Pradip K. Tewari,
  • Anand Plappally

摘要

A field survey conducted in 2019–20 revealed that many villagers at Hingola Kalan Village, Pali district, Rajasthan, India, were suffering from fluorosis. The drinking water was found to have fluoride beyond WHO limits. Survey forms with questionnaires related to education, health, and water filters used in the area were distributed to 13 households. An intervention of salty clay ceramic water filters (with raw material modification) was performed to solve the fluoride contamination of drinking water. These filters were manufactured with an addition of 5% by volume of Potash Alum. Participants were encouraged to use these modified filters, and water samples (both filtered and non-filtered) were collected in the 3-month long field experiment. The samples were tested in labs using three testing kits, namely the LTEK Fluoride Testing Kit, the Aqua-XL Water Analysis Kit, and the ProaKtive (W-10 reagent) Strip for Water. Statistical analysis showed that there is a significant fluctuation in fluoride concentrations after using these filters. Out of the 3 kits, the LTEK Fluoride Testing Kit and Aqua-XL Water Analysis Kits were found to be more appropriate to use since they provided numerical values proportional to fluoride content in water. The efficiency of the LTEK Fluoride Testing Kit and Aqua-XL Water Analysis Kit were 24.3% and 63.3%, respectively. The implication leads to the need for risk assessment of kits commercially available to rural populations of India to test the presence of fluoride in drinking water.