Climate change impacts on human settlements and community well-being is a significant concern, especially in vulnerable countries like Cameroon, which has a wide range of ecological zones, including Coastal Lowlands, Equatorial Rainforest, Western Highlands, Sudan-Savannah, and the Sahel. The objectives of this study are (1) evaluate changing climatic conditions in Cameroon’s ecological zones; (2) analyse the vulnerability of urban residential housing to changing climatic conditions; (3) propose adaptation strategies and sustainable architectural designs to mitigate the impact of climate change, (4) assess policy implications and stakeholder engagement for sustainable urban housing development. A literature review was conducted to achieve these objectives on the nexus between climate and human settlements. Meteorological data (rainfall) were also analysed and 200 structured questionnaires were administered to municipal authorities to assess the vulnerability and adaptation of urban residential housing. Findings revealed that the rapidly urbanising coastal cities of Douala, Limbe, and Kribi are experiencing extreme precipitation, flooding, and sea level rise. Similarly, the capital city, Yaounde, is facing severe rainfall, leading to floods and landslides. In the Western Highlands, human settlements in Bafoussam and Bamenda are at risk of landslides and runoff. In the northern Sudano-Sahelian region, extreme heat and desertification pose significant threats to residential housing development. Nature-based Climate Solutions (NbS) such as green corridors are recommended to absorb and filter stormwater to promote climate-resilient communities. Developing climate-resilient residential housing in Cameroonian cities requires tailored community-level interventions for each ecological zone.