Nanoconstructs are nanoformulations that are composed of two-component structures of soft shell and hard nanoparticle core. Nanoconstructs, a combination of ligand and nanoparticles, have the ability to reach the intended site of action with loaded cargo. Nanosystems incorporate both the active cargo (the drug) and the carrier (the delivery vehicle) to facilitate targeted drug delivery. The medications are maintained, transported across biological barriers, and delivered as payloads. Poly(propylene), poly-l-lysine (PLL), poly(ε-caprolactone), and poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) are some polymers used in nanoconstruct for the treatment of cancer. Core-shell-type nanoparticles are biphasic materials characterized by an interior core structure surrounded by an exterior shell composed of multiple components. The distinctive properties of these particles, arising from the interaction of material, shape, and design within the core and shell, have garnered significant attention. Some have also been designed to improve reactivity and thermal stability. They are therefore widely applicable in fields including catalysts, semiconducting materials, electrical, and biomedicine. The particles of core-shell are synthesized in two stages: the core structure is synthesized first, and the shell material is subsequently coated over the core structure. Solution synthesis makes use of these techniques. Gas-phase synthesis is most commonly achieved via pulsed laser deposition (PLD) or chemical vapor deposition (CVD). These processes involve the use of substrates, where the shell material is deposited onto a pre-formed core structure, often through a multi-step procedure. Nanoscale materials employed for the treatment of various neurological disorders, including Parkinson’s disease, Alzheimer’s disease, Huntington’s disease, frontotemporal dementia, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Prion disease, spinal cord injury, brain tumor, and stroke. Researchers are developing strategies to bypass the blood–brain barrier (BBB) and enhance the effectiveness of therapeutic treatments.