Core shell nanoconstructs responsive to the tumor microenvironment (TME) have become a promising tool for advancing cancer theranostics, integrating both therapeutic and diagnostic capabilities to augment treatment accuracy and efficacy. These constructs, which consist of nanoparticles and targeted ligands, are specifically engineered to address challenges posed by traditional cancer therapies, such as non-specific drug distribution, systemic toxicity, and uncontrolled drug release. By leveraging the distinctive properties of the TME, including its acidic and hypoxic conditions, these nanoconstructs can precisely target tumors, improving the delivery and controlled release of therapeutic agents. Recent developments in the design of TME-responsive nanoconstructs focus on utilizing the unique attributes of the TME, such as pH fluctuations, low oxygen levels, and specific enzymes, to trigger the release of the therapeutic cargo. This enables a more localized and controlled drug delivery, minimizing side effects while enhancing treatment efficacy. These advances make TME-responsive nanoconstructs a promising approach to improving cancer treatment outcomes. Furthermore, the complex cellular and extracellular components of the TME, such as tumor cells, immune cells, and the surrounding matrix, play critical roles in cancer progression and response to treatments. Targeting these features with innovative nanoconstructs holds the potential to enhance the efficacy of traditional therapies and overcome resistance mechanisms that limit their effectiveness.