Stem cells, particularly mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have attracted considerable interest in regenerative medicine because of their remarkable potential to differentiate into multiple cell types and facilitate tissue repair. MSCs sourced from bone marrow, adipose tissue, and umbilical cord exhibit immunomodulatory properties and can secrete bioactive factors that promote healing process. Scaffolds are essential in tissue engineering as they provide structural framework that supports cell attachment, growth, and differentiation. For bone and cartilage repair, scaffolds need to replicate the extracellular matrix (ECM) in both composition and mechanical properties to promote effective regeneration. Commonly used materials in scaffolds include biodegradable polymers, ceramics, and composite materials, each bringing unique benefits for cellular interactions and mechanical stability. Recent advancement has concentrated on optimizing scaffold design using various fabrication techniques, including 3D printing to create porous structures that facilitate waste removal. Introducing MSCs into these scaffolds can greatly enhance tissue integration and regeneration. When combined with hydrogel or porous scaffold MSCs have shown promise in restoring the structural and functional properties of damaged cartilage. Despite these advancements, several challenges persist, including the need for standardized protocol for MSCs isolation, expansion, characterization, as well as ensuring the long-term viability and integration of transplanted cells within the host tissues. Further research should focus on optimizing scaffold properties, understanding the molecular mechanisms of MSC differentiation and developing strategies to overcome immunological barriers.