Achieving a balance between injectivity and effective displacement poses a significant challenge in polymer flooding for reservoir depth profile control. One potential approach to address this challenge is the implementation of microcapsules capable of delaying polymer release. To accurately assess the targeted viscosity enhancement, it is crucial to gain a comprehensive understanding of how microencapsulated polymers transport within porous media. In our study, we employed microfluidic technology to study the flow characteristics of microencapsulated polymers and monitored real-time pressure changes in a single convergent-divergent microchannel. The oil displacement efficiency of the microencapsulated polymer was evaluated under different trigger stages using a complex network glass etching model. Experimental results demonstrate that microcapsule particles have difficulty forming blockages in microchannels 6 times larger than their size. Prolonged injection leads to particle adsorption on the channel wall, resulting in a reduction in the flow cross-section. Furthermore, as the particle concentration increases, it results in heightened pressures and intensified pressure fluctuations. In the micro-flooding experiment, the microencapsulated polymer without releasing viscosity exhibits a viscous fingering phenomenon. Upon release, it effectively displaced the crude oil at the edge of the pore model, reducing the oil saturation by 21.63%. This microscopic analysis provides valuable insights into the deep migration and targeted viscosity enhancement of microencapsulated polymers, offering potential solutions for reservoir depth profile control.