This chapter introduces the concept of scientific research. It gives an overview of the research process and its significance to new product development. Three types of research and development (R&D)—basic research, applied research, and experimental research—are explored and each is discussed as a strategic choice. The chapter concludes with some critical challenges in making decisions for R&D strategies. In addition to an internal R&D unit, there is growing attention toward fostering partnership and collaboration with external partners.