The escalating utilization of drugs across pharmaceuticals, nutritional supplements, and cosmetics underscores the need for efficient extraction and analysis methods. Traditional techniques like solid–liquid and Soxhlet extraction are time-consuming and prone to compound degradation. In response, recent years have shifted toward green extraction methods, leveraging technologies such as pressure extraction, microwave extraction, and ultrasound, yielding higher efficiency and quality while minimizing solvent usage and energy consumption. Following extraction, modern chromatographic and spectroscopic techniques like high-performance liquid chromatography—mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy facilitate precise identification and characterization of phytochemical compounds, crucial for understanding their therapeutic potential. This review highlights the evolution from classical to green extraction techniques and the instrumental role of advanced analytical methods in enhancing drug analysis efficiency and accuracy.