The Pre-Caspian Basin is located in western Kazakhstan, with the Ural orogenic belt in the east and the ancient Tethys orogenic belt in the south. In the late Paleozoic, the eastern and southern margins of the Pre-Caspian Basin were respectively affected by the closure of the Ural Ocean and the subduction of the Paleotethys Ocean, resulting in different structural features and ancient sedimentary pattern. Through literature research on the former Soviet Union, as well as seismic and outcrop data, the following understanding can be drawn: (1) The Pre-Caspian Basin can be divided into 5 secondary structural units, including the northern fault zone, central depression zone, Astrakhan-Aktobe uplift zone, southeast depression zone, and southern uplift zone, presenting a structural pattern of 3 uplifts and 2 depressions. (2) The eastern margin of the basin entered a back-arc spreading stage during the Devonian period, and the Ural orogenic belt is of arc-land collision type, which is the result of the collision and collage of three volcanic arcs( the Sakmara arc, Irendic arc, and Magnitogorsk arc) and the Ural and Mugojar micro blocks. On the southern margin of the basin, the ancient Tethys Ocean subducted and compressed to form the Silk Road Arc, forming a pattern of alternating depressions and uplifts on the southern margin of the basin. (3) The late Paleozoic tectonic evolution resulted in significant differences in oil and gas enrichment between the eastern and southern margins of the basin. The eastern margin is characterized by interbedded sedimentation of detrital and carbonate rocks, with oil and gas accumulation in Carboniferous carbonate rocks and Visean sandstone, while the southern margin is characterized by the development of large, continuously growing isolated carbonate platforms.