The Tajik Basin experienced strong tectonic movements during the Himalayan period, and its structures were very complex. The geological characteristics and exploration potential of petroleum are unclear. Regional geological, outcrop, seismic, and geochemical data have been comprehensively used to study the petroleum geological characteristics of the Tajik Basin. Regional geological, outcrop, and geochemical data confirm the development of coal, carbonaceous mudstone, mudstone, and shale source rocks in the Jurassic-Cretaceous-Paleogene system. The Jurassic in Tajik Basin is similar to the Amu Darya Basin and the Tarim Basin, which are all located in the Central Asian coal-bed gas accumulation domain, with thick coal seams developed and high gas generating intensity. Regional paleogeography, seismic, outcrops, and drilling data have confirmed the development of high-quality carbonate reservoirs in the Jurassic Karlovo-Oxfordian stage, Paleogene Bukhara Formation and Alay Formation. The Paleogene carbonate reservoirs are the main pay layers of postsalt oilfield in the Bokhtar block. The Lower Cretaceous Hauterivian stage developed thick clastic sandstone reservoirs, which are the main pay layers of two gasfields in the northern Dushanbe Depression. The caprocks are mainly composed of Jurassic gypsum salt rocks and mudstones from different layers. The structural characteristics of the Bokhtar block in the Tajik Basin are characterized by strong in the north and weak in the south, strong in the west and weak in the east. The anticlines and fault anticlines with relatively small structural deformation intensity in the depression and uplift zones have great exploration potential. Based on a comprehensive analysis of the petroleum geological conditions in the Tajik Basin, it is believed that there is significant exploration potential in both the pre-salt Jurassic ultra deep and the post-salt Cretaceous deep layers.