Mangrove ecosystems are home to a diverse array of microorganisms, including bacteria, fungi, archaea, algae, and protists, which play vital roles in nutrient cycling, organic matter decomposition, and pollutant detoxification. Bacteria such as Vibrio spp., Rhizophora spp. symbionts, and Desulfovibrio spp. contribute significantly to these processes. Fungi, including Aspergillus spp. and mycorrhizal fungi, decompose organic materials and enhance nutrient uptake. Archaea, particularly methanogenic species, influence methane cycling. Algae and protists serve as primary producers and play roles in nutrient cycling. Heavy metal pollution adversely affects these microbial communities, leading to reduced diversity, shifts in community composition, and impaired ecosystem functions. Mangrove plants exhibit various mechanisms to cope with heavy metal stress, including root filtration, metal sequestration, and symbiotic relationships with microorganisms. Additionally, they utilize physiological and biochemical adaptations to mitigate metal toxicity. Microbial bioremediation offers a sustainable approach to manage heavy metal pollution in mangrove ecosystems. Understanding these intricate interactions and mechanisms is crucial for preserving mangrove habitats and their ecological functions.