Owing to the increasing pollution generated from the accumulation of petroleum-based disposable plastics in environment (so-called white pollution), scientists are eagerly seeking biodegradable polymers that can be decomposed into CO2 and water by microorganism for a sustainable development. This chapter reviews the chemical synthesis and potential applications of synthetic biodegradable polymers, and special emphasis is given to the state-of-art industrialized biodegradable polymers, such as poly(lactic acid), polycaprolactone, poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate), polyhydroxybutyrate, poly(butylene succinate), poly(amino acid)s, and poly(propylene carbonate). This chapter provides updated information about recent reports on the synthetic biodegradable polymers to attract a much wider readership to construct this fascinating field.