This book introduces the research efforts of the Japanese academic community to address the adverse effects of climate change. This chapter begins with an overview of recent climate change impacts and adaptation initiatives in Japan. The Climate Change Adaptation Act, enacted in 2018, established an adaptive policy cycle, where a national impact assessment is conducted every five years. Based on these assessments, both central and local government adaptation plans are revised. These advancements in adaptation governance have created a series of new challenges for the research community. To tackle these complex issues, diverse, systematic, and interdisciplinary research is crucial. In this context, the Strategic Research S-18 project, Comprehensive Research on the Projection of Climate Change Impacts and Evaluation of Adaptation (FY2020–2024), supported by the Ministry of the Environment, was initiated and is now compiling its findings. The latter half of this chapter outlines the purposes and research framework of the S-18 Project.