The integration of nanotechnology (NT) in agriculture holds immense promise for revolutionizing the way we cultivate, manage, and enhance crop production. This book chapter provides comprehensive information for assessing the multifaceted application of NT in agriculture, with a specific focus on its opportunities and associated risks to human health. This chapter exclusively explores various advantages of the use of NT in agriculture, including enhanced crop production and quality, precision farming, disease and pest management, and efficient nutrient delivery. These advancements promise to address food security challenges and promote sustainable agricultural practices. Apart from that, this chapter also discusses the potential hazards posed by nanoparticles (NPs) used in agriculture, particularly with regard to phytotoxicity and human health. It highlights the pathways of exposure, and the health risks associated with unintended human consumption of NPs in food products along with environmental and ecological consequences along with regulatory concerns.