Nanotechnology is a rapidly growing scientific discipline focusing on the production and utilization of nanoparticles (NPs). Nanomaterials, with their small dimensions and larger surface area, primarily classified as carbon, inorganic, organic, and nanocomposites (NCs), can address issues like food security. Nanomaterials(NPs) can benefit or harm plant growth, depending on particle type, size, morphology, source, physical characteristics, and chemical composition. Plant species encounter nanomaterials applied directly in soil, through irrigation, priming, or foliar application. They can be used as an environmentally friendly agricultural substitute, improving soil quality and nutrient availability, reducing pesticide distribution, and reducing fertilization losses. Understanding plant interactions and defense mechanisms is crucial for effective NP and NC application. This chapter explores the synthesis of nanostructured materials, their absorption and translocation in plants, their impact on uptake and phytotoxicity, particularly their effect on plants along with their role in food security and biodiversity conservation.