The interdependence of agriculture and climate change makes the changing climate a primary concern for ecologists and agriculturalists. Agriculture is affected by changes in climate conditions while also impacting the environment, mainly through greenhouse gas emissions. Yet agriculture also offers an opportunity to address climate change by sequestering carbon in soils. This chapter discusses the exposure of agriculture to climate change and demonstrates that mitigation and adaptation strategies have become urgent, not only to limit future negative impacts but also to increase efficiency in exploiting potential benefits. Farmers are faced with various challenges as the world changes, such as unseasonal weather, including warm winters and cooler summers, and caterpillar infestations that require pesticide use. Artificial irrigation is needed due to a lack of rainfall, creating water stress. By region, climate change is already impacting farmers: droughts in Africa, Australian wine producers needing more informed decisions on varietals, and the spread of fungal diseases. New immune strains in animals, crop diversity, and improved varieties are essential to aid livestock productivity, while marginal regions face threats like overgrazing. The impacts of climate change will vary locally, necessitating context-specific responses to adaptation, rather than a universal solution. Climate-smart agriculture, which includes agroecology (sequestration), pest management, and collective practices like vegetarianism and meat consumption control, is a viable response. This chapter highlights the importance of agricultural scientists and breeders in breeding climate-effective crop varieties and points out knowledge gaps related to stress responses across regions, which likely affect all major crops. It reviews policies supporting climate-smart and -resilient agriculture, focusing on India, and emphasizes the need for more research to understand the intricate interconnections between agriculture and climate change. This chapter addresses these challenges to promote sustainable agriculture and guide agricultural researchers, breeders, and policymakers in developing effective strategies in response to climate change.