The most important applications of nanofillers as a support for innovative environmental applications are discussed. The emphasis is on problems related to wastewater treatment, including metals, dyes, organic compounds, and contaminants of emerging concern (CEC) separations, mainly based on membrane techniques, adsorption, and catalytic reaction. The role of nanofillers, their composition, and application methods are highlighted. In addition, the possibility of obtaining efficient materials to support air protection systems, that is, gas separation and conversion processes, and air pollution control by acting as catalysts to convert harmful gases into harmless substances is indicated. For both water and gas treatments, the main research directions related to the development of specialist materials, such as membranes and sorbents, based on nanofillers are considered. It also identifies key research directions that should contribute to the further development of cleaning technology supported by nanofillers. The use of nanofillers in environmental science has been shown to be a rapidly growing field of research and has the potential to lead to the development of more efficient and effective solutions for addressing environmental challenges.