In the past few decades, nanofibers have emerged as important fibrous materials having applications in a wide range of areas. With the breakthrough in nanotechnology in the late 1990s synthesizing nanofibers became possible and because of their superior properties nanofibers became well known and research in this area started to grow. Nanofibers are fibers having diameters in nanometer range and typically they have a dimeter lying in the range of 1 nm to 1 μm. Natural polymer fibers like spider web, silk, coir, collagen, cellulose, fibroin, keratin, and gelatin have inspired mankind to develop artificial fibers that have outstanding physical properties and application potentials. Manmade fibers developed by various techniques have unique functional properties such as large specific surface area, high aspect ratio, high porosity, and appreciable mechanical strength. Nanofibers have several technological and commercial applications. They are used in a wide range of applications like tissue engineering, drug delivery, cancer diagnosis, biomedical devices, air filtration, and development of composites. There are several methods to synthesize nanofibers including drawing, electrospinning, sol-gel method, solution blow spinning, chemical vapor deposition (CVD), centrifugal jet spinning, and electrohydrodynamic direct writing. Among the various techniques available for the synthesis of nanofibers, electrospinning is the most widely used technique because of its simple setup and its capability to generate ultrathin fibers with controllable diameters, composition, and orientations. This chapter presents a review of the various techniques available for the synthesis of nanofibers and discusses their application.