Financial system is an important part of enterprise development, but in the process of financial system of traditional enterprises, it is still a series of inefficient management systems such as manpower-based financial auditing, financial statements, and accounting. In today’s efficient management based on Internet big data, it can improve the efficiency of financial management, the accuracy and efficiency of financial management, optimize the calculation time, and reduce financial management. Based on this, this paper proposes a big data iterative mining algorithm to comprehensively analyze information-based financial management, improve the level of financial management, and shorten financial management of the formulation time. Then, the management data is performed. All in all, cloud computing is used to iteratively analyze financial management information and derive the optimal management path. The results show that the big data iterative mining algorithm can analyze financial management more quickly and accurately, and output the results, effectively improving the comprehensive financial management level, rationality is greater than 95%, better than manual financial management. Therefore, the big data iterative mining algorithm can meet the requirements of today’s society for financial management, and is suitable for the efficient and stable long-term development of enterprises.