In this chapter, we will introduce the functions, types, working principles, setting conditions and layouts of surge chambers. Then we will discuss the basic equations of surge chamber waves, and their analytical and numerical solution methods. Further, we will analyze the stability problem of surge chamber wave oscillations. Students are encouraged to schematically draw the water level oscillating histories in headrace and tailrace surge chambers of hydropower stations and pumped storage power stations, under typical transient conditions, such as load increase, load rejection, pump trip, and pump starting. And when the main parameters of a specific hydropower station are given, students should be able to decide whether a surge chamber is needed, select a proper surge chamber type, calculate the highest and lowest surge waves, analyze the stability of surge wave oscillation, and finally design the dimensions of the surge chamber.