Plethora of research has been labeled urban road traffic air and noise pollution are serious environmental burdens to the urban population and traffic corridor users. This research discusses the significant findings in terms of both ambient fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and noise indices to explore the combined exposure near an urban traffic corridor in developing Guwahati city. The year-long (Jan, 2019–Dec, 2019) traffic-borne PM2.5 and noise sampling were conducted near different microenvironments along the road traffic corridor on both weekdays and weekends. The results indicate that in winter, roadside PM2.5 concentrations on weekdays and weekends were 131 ± 39 µg/m3 and 110 ± 2 µg/m3, respectively. Inside a roadside building on weekdays and weekends, the observed PM2.5 concentrations were 39 ± 3 µg/m3 and 43 ± 14 µg/m3, respectively. The obtained equivalent noise (Leq) was 62–80 dB (A), and the noise pollution level (LNP) was ~ 80 dB (A), which exceeded the WHO safety level of 70 dB (A) in all roadside and indoor environments. The traffic noise index (TNI) obtained for the outdoor roadside and inside the indoor building were > 70 dB (A) and > 50 dB (A), respectively, causing noise annoyance to the receptors. The PM2.5-noise index for the roadside and inside the building was observed to be 0.19 ± 0.05 and 0.25 ± 0.06, respectively. This elucidates the degradation of environmental quality in terms of air and noise pollution which may cause deleterious psychological and physiological health issues. These results could be used for developing road traffic air and noise abatement strategies and urban policy.