Technologies Available Today to Generate Electricity from Sunlight and Their Current Status
摘要
Today, in the twenty-first century, and even after about 260 years of industrial revolution started across the globe, our society is yet to have a safe technology to harvest the only abundantly available carbon–neutral, renewable and sustainable, clean and omnipresent energy resource sunlight to meet all the energy needs of the society without any back-up from fossil fuels. Today, our society cannot survive without depending on fossil fuels even for a single day. There are total four methods namely (i) photovoltaics including the silicon photovoltaic cell (SPVC) solar panels, (ii) concentrated solar power (CSP) (i.e., parabolic trough collectors (PTC)), (iii) dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs), and (iv) thermoelectric (Seebek/Peltier) modules, that were proven to be consistent at the industry or commercial level to generate electricity from sunlight to the required number of hours. The total amount of electricity generated in the year 2023 from sunlight by using the entire so far installed SPVC solar panels is about 277.8 TWh (i.e., one EJ as 1 EJ = 277.8 TWh), which is about less than 0.2% of the world primary energy requirement (WPER). Considerable research efforts are being made by the scientific community across the globe for the past several years to develop Perovskite, CIGS, DSSC, etc., based solar panels by investing hundreds of billions of US$ but the required break-through in the results is yet to be obtained. It is most unlikely that such a break-through will ever come. The reason for this is the composition of the sunlight reaching the earth surface in terms of the varied wavelength range, and non-availability of any suitable semiconducting material to capture such a wide range sunlight wavelength right from about 290 to 2400 nm. The current status of (i) all the sunlight-to-electricity generating technologies and the limitations associated with all those technologies, (ii) why the Germany’s Energiewende program has been found to be failed, (iii) why there will not be any profit in recycling the discarded SPVC solar panels, etc., has been presented and discussed in this chapter. The need for the development of a brand-new technology called the “Semiconductor and Liquid Assisted Photothermal Effect (SLAPE)” invented by this author to turn the sunlight into electricity with highest possible efficiency at the lowest possible expenditure has also been briefly presented in this chapter.