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Inland water ecosystems carry special characteristics compared to other ecosystems, i.e., marine or coastal. The main dissimilarity between inland water and marine ecosystem is highlighted by the connectivity and greater openness in ocean system, while freshwater is much impacted by the surrounding land ecosystems such as vegetation, soil.

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Primary Indicators of Degrading Ecosystem and Restoration Process

  • 章节

  • 发表日期：

    2025年

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  • Miratul Maghfiroh,
  • Adelina C. Santos-Borja,
  • Luki Subehi,
  • Awalina Satya,
  • Ali Rahmat

摘要

Inland water ecosystems carry special characteristics compared to other ecosystems, i.e., marine or coastal. The main dissimilarity between inland water and marine ecosystem is highlighted by the connectivity and greater openness in ocean system, while freshwater is much impacted by the surrounding land ecosystems such as vegetation, soil.